Wednesday 5 June 2019

A Populus and momentous month


Despite this blog being a ‘bit late’, something that started in early March is still active as I type and is one of the reasons for the delay – aspens!  As mentioned in the last blog, funding was becoming available to undertake more work to ensure the future of a tiny proportion of some of our aspen stands and, to this end, I finally managed to get the members of the aspen group out, on site, to see the trees and the work done so far in the Tulloch aspens.  This visit couldn’t have been more timely and as we wandered up the track towards the deer fenced plot John, the other main person active on 
May look like leaves but this is a tree full of male catkins
the ground, noticed one of the aspens was ‘flowering’.  Checking the catkins confirmed that this was a male tree, trees are either male or female (dioecious), and the catkins were displaying their bright red anthers, the easiest way to confirm male trees when the catkins are young and fresh.  Male trees also tend to flower earlier than females and, as the catkins grow, they hang quite floppily from the twigs blowing freely in any breeze.  Despite checking a few more trees as we wandered the aspen wood we didn’t see anything that looked like female trees though a couple more males were found.  It would be a few days later that I would catch up with my first female.  The site visit was arranged to 
Male aspen anthers whole catkin at the top
discuss the possible funding package that would be needed to fence off another section of the aspen wood to add to the couple of hectares fence two years ago.  However, to generate enough funds to do the work a fresh application would have to be made to bid for part of the funding being made available via an SNH Challenge Fund where several projects would be considered by merit and ecological value and supported if the criteria were met.  Fingers crossed.  On the way back to the aspen group meeting in the local hotel, a quick visit was made to the other aspen stand where an electric fence had been installed during last winter and where a fallen aspen had small notices attached, with the owner’s permission, to say the tree was valuable habitat for the aspen hoverfly (Hammerschmidtia ferruginea), and shouldn’t be removed.

After the meeting an email was circulated asking interested folk to keep their eyes open for flowering aspens and, as records started to come in it was obvious that this was going to be an ‘aspen flowering year’, the first on a big scale since 1996.  As with this year, 1996 followed a long, hot and dry summer and for the first time in just over twenty years, the aspens were responding to our long, hot summer of 2018.  The last time I saw a flowering female aspen was in May/June in 2014 when I photographed the unusual fungus Taphrina johansonii, which grows from the female catkin ovaries.  However, I didn’t really have the obvious differences between male and female catkins in my head, so I was extremely grateful when an email arrived from Andy telling me there was a heavily flowering female tree just by the B970 less than half a mile from Firwood.  On this tree the catkins 
Female aspen catkin top and close up of  ovaries with red styles
had only just appeared and it wasn’t that easy to see the main female characteristics, the yellow/green ovaries with distinct red styles, so a small twig with a few catkins was collected to take home and put in a glass of water to encourage rapid development.  Within a couple of days all the features were visible and, when checking the roadside tree, it was easy to see that the female catkins were a lot ‘firmer’, not hanging like the males and certainly not waving about in the light breeze.  One problem though was becoming apparent, both male and female trees visited so far had low branches where the catkins could be viewed at head height, it was going to be a lot more difficult when catkins were high to very high up on trees and only viewable with binoculars.  To try and help collect catkins that were on lower branches I adapted and extendable ‘pole’ used for cleaning windows and at a few sites this worked but it was obvious that I needed something that could extend much higher and was also capable of cutting off a small twig so the catkins could be checked properly.  Many years ago, I bought a Wolf-Garten anvil tree lopper/saw which to this day remains sharp and very effective for removing tree branches.  Checking their website led me towards their Wolf Garten handle and tree lopper capable of extending to four metres with a cord which allowed the cutter blades to close and snip off the branch.  As I was planning to visit as many of the important stands of aspens where rare lichen and moss populations were known to be present to try and identify the sex of the stand, this was a rather expensive but necessary bit of equipment, of which one was ordered.  The extending handle was also capable of allowing my earlier saw purchase to be attached so that bigger branches 
Trying to reach aspen catkins with the window cleaning 'pole'
around the garden etc, could be dealt with safely.  So, from the first week of March my survey started, though I was looked at rather oddly when passing folk with my collapsed but still two-metre-long pole!  The reason for undertaking this task was this one-off opportunity, probably in the rest of my lifetime, to know the sex of many local aspen stands so that in the future male or female trees could be introduced into stands to ensure cross-fertilisation takes place when flowering occurs.  Collecting seed would also be important as the female catkins mature in May, as this could be a once in 20-odd years that seed could be collected, in quantity, and banked to provide aspen trees for the future.  However, collecting seed doesn’t allow you to know which sex of tree is growing in the nursery so if male or female trees are required to be introduced into purely male or female stands, then root suckers could be collected and grown on for transplanting.

The 10 March saw me starting to visit aspen stands to stare up through my binoculars at the branches to see if any catkins could be seen.  I started off with the stand near Spey Bridge in Grantown where lots of root suckers adorn the roadside verges.  A fallen aspen was checked as a possible site for the 
Encoelia fascicularis
aspen hoverfly later in the year and as I wandered along the trunk a familiar fungus came into view, Encoelia fascicularis, a fungus first found in February 2013 but not seen for a couple of years.  A good start.  The small group of aspens I was visiting though didn’t have any catkins until I got to the last tree and here the tree was hanging thick with female catkins and many at just head height.  At this stage I wasn’t aware of how common or not female flowering trees were so I contacted the Factor for the estate to ask if it would be possible to collect a few root suckers with young tree growth present, 
Digging and finding aspen roots with young suckers
and he said this would be okay.  I returned the next day with spade and hand fork to dig down around areas of new growth and in the end collected half a dozen specimens which I took home and potted up in the hope of finding locations where they could be planted in the future.  A couple were kept well-watered and taken to one of the Tulloch woods and planted in an area of mainly male trees.  With the dry weather of winter continuing into March I then had to make regular visits to water them to ensure the ground was wet enough to get new roots to grow and the young trees survive.  I thought I’d finished with watering aspens after last years efforts with the newly planted trees in Abernethy.

As the last blog was finished, the public inquiry into plans for an 18-hole golf course on the heavily designated Coul Links dune system near Dornoch, was just getting underway on the 26 February.  I had hoped to attend the inquiry when Butterfly Conservation et al were being quizzed by the developer’s team but couldn’t make it.  I did though manage to travel north on the 14 March when Dr Brian Coppins was in the hot seat (supported by Sandy his wife) giving evidence about the importance of the dune system for lichens, and also being quizzed by the developers QC.  Over the couple of hours Brian did a good job but you do wonder what difference all the conservation 
Brian being questioned and giving evidence at the inquiry

organisations site visits, surveys and evidence will make when you think what happened to the Menie dunes in Aberdeenshire even after the local planners had turned down the application.  The inquiry ended on 22 March.  Sadly, on the day I attended I forgot to take my camera (idiot!) so failed to get photos of the sheer amount of paper/documents stacked up in boxes behind the applicants legal team at a huge cost to the environment.  The inquiry proceedings were videoed live on the internet each day, something I tried to follow on catch up each evening, just to see who was saying what.  
Peltigera malacea
Goodness knows what the cost of the inquiry will be, and the work goes on as the two Scottish Government Reporters retired back to Edinburgh to work through all that was said and presented over the four weeks.  The day up north though ended quite nicely as after Brian had given his evidence, we met up with Dave Genney from SNH and spent a relaxing hour in the Cuthill Links dune system next to the Dornoch Bridge searching out a few patches of Peltigera malacea.

Early in the month Janet and myself drove up to Huntly to see the monthly farmers market and meet up with daughter Laura and Douglas.  We were tempted to buy unusually flavoured sausages after trying the free samples along with a bit of fresh meat.   Stocked up with sausage rolls for lunch we 
had a very pleasant walk out to Huntly Castle passing areas of multi-coloured crocuses and early leaves of ramsons or wild garlic.  Once back in the town centre we visited one of the nice wee cafés for afternoon tea and cakes followed by visits to some of the very good charity shops.  As we got back to the cars to head off home I was presented with my birthday present from the family – a trail camera, something I’ve often thought about but not actually invested in.  A perfect end to the day out.

The Logie Steading café and Randolph’s Leap on the River Findhorn have featured a couple of times this month.  After lunch on the first visit we followed the paths past the fields with the amazing longhorn cattle, past the junction of the Rivers Divie and Findhorn and over the Bridge of Logie.  The path then takes you along the most amazing, steep-sided section of the River Findhorn, the narrowed down river rushing below and then on to Randolph’s Leap.  Once there I remembered to GPS the 
Peltigera leucophlebia, apothecia and spore
leaning sweet chestnut tree with its amazing mix of lichens before wandering down the rocks to the narrow river gully where the ‘leap’ took place in the 14th century, not by someone with the name Randolph but by one Alexander Cummings and three companions as they were being pursued by Earl Randolph’s men.  As I scrambled about on the rocks by the ‘leap’ I came across a fertile population of Peltigera leucophlebia (ruffled freckled pelt) which was surviving despite the number of feet that must descend and clamber over the rocks.  Back on the path Janet spotted a bee digging a hole so photos were taken as it backed out of its hole, and I then spotted another two doing the same.  Bee expert Murdo provided the name Clarke's mining bee (Andrena clarkella) one of the earlier mining bees active from late February and early March.  Our second visit was later in March when brother Peter and wife Paula came to stay for a few days when again we said hello to the cattle but also saw several canoeists heading down the Findhorn, possibly having negotiated Randolph’s Leap along their way!  Now that would be something to see.  On a day out to the Findhorn Bay area Peter and 
Andrena clarkella
Paula came back with something that was quite unusual – a sponge!  Not one like you might have in the bath but quite a hard, coral like structure attached to a large whelk shell.  I sent a photo to a member of the Highland Biological Recording Group who suggested the name Suberites ficus, but that he would need to check under the microscope but that “I will confess I haven’t done ID from spicules since my University days”.  So, I typed in sponge spicules into Google to find that the name 
Logie Steading outing
Whelk and sponge, orangey deposit and spicule
possibly Suberites ficus
refers to the skeleton of the sponge and one site actually said that you can see the spicules if you dissolve a bit of the sponge in bleach, and this is what I did.  Over about ten minutes I could see the section of sponge disappear and a slightly orangey deposit appear at the bottom of the glass tube and after carefully washing the deposit in water to remove the bleach I popped a bit under the microscope to reveal an amazing set of spicules.  However, I’m still at the name Suberites ficus but have yet to 
x2 badgers
find someone who can confirm 100% though two people have now given me the same name.  You learn something new every day!  During their visit they were also very lucky on the badger front and for the only time to date two badgers were seen feeding on the deck just about captured by my new TRAIL CAMERA!

A request also arrived via email asking HBRG members to look out for the beetle Silpha atrata also known as Phosphuga atrata, a carrion beetle that feeds on live snails, insects and earthworms, as well as on carrion.  A few specimens of this common beetle were needed by staff at the National Museums of Scotland to help their Czech colleagues with a study they were doing.  This wasn’t a beetle I knew but was aware it could be found below bark on fallen trees so off I went.  I do not like taking large 
sections of bark off fallen trees so limited myself to small section on dead trees that I came across.  Quite a few Scots pines were checked without any luck and, just as I was about to give up, I came across a small, fallen birch tree and under the bark were five beetles that looked like their photo.  Three were collected and taken home with a bit of damp moss and next day they were in the post heading off to Edinburgh where the species was confirmed as Silpha atrata, a beetle with quite a few records in Abernethy Forest. 

The birds have ticked over quite well with possibly up to a hundred curlews in the fields between Nethy Bridge and the River Spey, enough to attract the local bird tour folk.  Bramblings were regular visitors to the garden with both males and females, joining the increasing numbers of siskins and 
Curlews and bramblings
other regulars.  The sparrowhawk made regular visits causing the usual panic and regular siskin collisions with windows though few were fatal.  Crossbill numbers also increased, and I was surprised to see several in the old aspen stand in Abernethy Forest.  The birds might have been feeding on new leaf buds and a pair were also seen mating, so nesting nearby.  Photos of a male on a tree top and in the branches went off to expert Ron who confirmed that the small billed birds I was seeing were common crossbills, arriving in the pine wood just as the cones were opening to release their seed.  The crossbills with deeper calls were also heard but whether Scottish or parrot I wouldn’t 
Common crossbill in aspen tree
be sure.  Whilst in this aspen stand a fallen, but live tree was covered in quite unusually big catkins which I assumed were female but, thankfully, I brought a small twig with catkins home.  As they opened a little, I could see they were actually males and a day later I found a small caterpillar feeding on them.  Whether it was because the tree was actually dying I don’t know but the catkins failed to develop properly and as the caterpillar grew bigger I was able to transfer it over to other catkin collections.  With a distinctive pattern developing along it back I sent photos off to expert Mike who 
The brick moth caterpillar
Firwood green shield-moss
told me I had the caterpillar of the brick (Agrochola circellaris), a moth associated with catkins and then leaves of elm and aspen.  Eventually, the caterpillar was released on an aspen with low-level catkins to allow it to grow to maturity, pupate, and emerge hopefully as an adult in the autumn (August to October).  Another unusual find was made in the Firwood ‘nature reserve’ wood at the back of the house – a green shield-moss capsule growing on a well-rotted, fallen birch tree!  Sadly, it didn’t make it to maturity being knocked off possible by the sparrowhawk using the tree as a plucking post, or mice or squirrels messing about.

On the 19 March I walked the last of the BTO Winter Bird Survey transects, much more interesting bird-wise as the breeding season was on the horizon but no less risky and the wee burn I had to wade across was once again in spate!  Two birds were seen that haven’t occurred on the breeding bird 
surveys, dipper and red-legged partridge and the total of 23 species is well ahead of the 9 in January and 8 in February.  The survey also asks the recorders to list mammals seen and apart from the regular roe deer and evidence of red deer and red squirrel, it was nice to see a group of brown hares, spotted as a stationary group but up and off before I was able to get too close as I passed them on the road.  However, after many years of recording for the BTO and for the wider countryside butterfly 
And they're off!
survey for Butterfly Conservation, this was my last outing as I’ve decided to hang up my boots.  I will complete my outings for the BTO woodcock survey until it ends in 2020, and a local wader/wetlands survey one of the best two hours I spend anywhere listening and recording each summer, before finally retiring.  Checking my BTO records I find that I’ve been busy for several years:
BTO Atlas squares              1988-1991 and 2007-2011
BTO Winter Atlas               1981, 1982 and 1983
Waterways breeding birds   1998   2 x 1km squares at Creag Meagaidh
Local Breeding Bird Squares  
NJ0733   2005 to 2014 with x3 visits per year to the square
NJ0631   2010 to 2018 with x3 visits per year to the square
Local winter bird survey
NJ0631  2018/19 single visits Dec to March
So thank you BTO for all the fun and games over so many interesting years and for the opportunity to record other ‘things’ as I went along looking for birds, some of which were quite interesting.

That’s it for another month, enjoy the read.

Stewart and Janet
  
Coul Links
Randolph’s Leap
UK Moths – The Brick
BTO Winter Bird Survey
NBN Atlas
Strathspey Weather
Parkswatch
Badenoch and Strathspey Conservation Group
Mapmate recording database
BSBI – Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland
 
Cairngorms
Long-tailed tit
Blackbird sunning itself
Photos © Stewart Taylor


Sunday 7 April 2019

An odd January and February


What a start to the year they had in the deep south as the following excerpt from the Butterfly Conservation newsletter shows.  “Peacock butterflies were spotted in Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset, Nottinghamshire, Somerset, Sussex and Yorkshire on New Year's Day.  Sightings of Small Tortoiseshell, Red Admiral, Brimstone and Painted Lady were also reported on 1st January.  The first species to emerge are usually those which remain in their adult form and hibernate through the coldest months”.  Another bit of butterfly news also arrived early in January via the Wider Countryside Butterfly Survey (WCBS) newsletter – a summary of what I and another 630 surveyors were involved in during 2018.  This survey started in 2006 and is something anyone can get involved in, but my link is a doubling up survey where I visit the same one-kilometre square to do the BTO Breeding Bird 
Red admiral
Survey.  This is a brilliantly informative survey as it monitors butterfly populations across the UK and all via a minimum of one visit a month during the butterfly season.  The 2018 summary was as follows: “During the 2018 survey season 1,804 surveys were completed, with over 3,600km of survey route walked. Approximately 630 recorders counted a total of 115,605 butterflies of 46 species, the same species number as in 2017.  This comprised 25 wider countryside species, 18 habitat specialist species and the three regular migrant species; Painted Lady, Red Admiral and Clouded Yellow”.  This scheme works in addition to the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (UKBMS) which is a fixed transect location, walked weekly between the start of April and the end of September.  This survey has been running since 1976 when I was involved in setting up the Loch Garten transect, details of which have appeared in previous blogs.  Roll on summer!

The butterflies might not have appeared in this part of the UK just yet, but we continued to find a few plants in flower through the first days of January.  Details of flowering plants for one site in the official BSBI New Year Plant Hunt appeared in the last blog, but, having started looking we continued to record anything we saw after the 1 January.  No additional species of wild flowering 
Climbing corydalis
plants were found but we made a couple of outings to see if snowdrops were flowering after the first one appeared in the garden on the 5th January accompanied by the first winter aconite a full month ahead of the first one in 2018.  Our good snowdrop wood near Nairn had none showing but did produce three of the commonest flowering species along with a very early scarlet elfcup fungus (Sarcoscypha austriaca).  Hop trefoil (Trifolium campestre) was found at Nairn Harbour but probably the most unusual find was a bit closer to home near Nethy Bridge where climbing corydalis (Ceratocapnos claviculate) was found in flower.  Bramble and sea mayweed (Tripleurospermum maritimum) were found below the Kessock Bridge near Inverness adding up to 33 flowering plants in total across all sites visited, a few less than the 114 at Phillack in Cornwall!  The run back from our snowdrop wood near Nairn had an added bonus and this wasn’t the towering blade of the windmills at the Tom nan Clach windfarm!  Having taken the ‘picturesque’ route along the B9007 from Furness we turned off along the road to Lochindorb to see a developing sunset.  The photogenic lone ash in the field by the minor road was the ‘wrong way round’ to see the setting sun at its best when viewed 
Weatherwatcher photo top and original below
from its northern side though I did try, so we drove on a bit to where one of its young offspring was growing right by the loch shore.  Finding somewhere to park the car off the single-track road I walked back towards the tree just in time to get a photo before the sun disappeared below the distant hills.  It was though low enough to create a long red reflection across the loch right to the ash tree by the shore so I fired off a few photos with my wee Panasonic Lumix in the hope that one would be good enough to send in to BBC Weatherwatchers.  Once home one photo looked suitable so off it went.  We missed the Scottish 18.30 news and weather forecast but the phone rang, and neighbour Rita said it had made it, and there it was when I checked the forecast via my laptop.  It then appeared again a couple of times on the BBC News24 so it was well worth the effort of picking the right tree.  Interestingly, the lone ash mentioned earlier did exactly the same almost a year earlier but photographed the other way round and without a sunset.  Well done Lochindorb!

With 2019 funding becoming available for aspen related work via the Cairngorms National Park aspen group, I made a visit to the remote aspen stand in RSPBs Abernethy Forest Reserve to see if anything might qualify for inclusion.  Visits to this nationally important aspen stand become more upsetting with each visit as, slowly but surely, the mature trees are reaching the end of their lives, falling over, with no new trees appearing to replace them.  A lichen survey was carried out at this site in 2001 after it was found a couple of years earlier that the Highland aspens held important species.  
The loss of aspen trees at Clais Eich old and new
At this site two species were new to the UK, 3 Red Data Book and 11 nationally scarce species were also recorded, all of which were still present when I made my first ‘lichen’ recording visit to the site in 2010 as part of my ‘learning a few rare lichens’ progress.  It was estimated then that there were about 25 mature trees and a couple of half mature ones but, since 2010, many have fallen due to heavy snow falls and gales so that currently, just nine trees remain.  RSPB installed wooden exclosures about six years ago at a size that would discourage deer from jumping in to them, but, sadly, very few new aspen suckers (from the aspen roots) have appeared.  Perhaps these trees are just 
Caloplaca flavorubescens lichen
getting too old, loosing their vigour, and perhaps decaying around their roots?  This group of trees hold (held) one of the biggest populations of the rare crust lichen Caloplaca flavorubescens in the UK and whose population is already hugely reduced due to tree loss as it can only live for a limited time on a fallen, dying tree.  Hopefully, the new management plan RSPB are producing for the whole Abernethy Reserve will include some positive management objectives for this amazing aspen stand.

Birds have continued to feature during January and February with the garden feeders attracting a couple of redpolls, something we don’t often see, but the highlight in the garden has been the wee flock of long-tailed tits.  These are regular visitors to the garden with small flocks usually being a feature of late-summer and autumn after the breeding season.  This year though the flock has stayed 
Redpolls top and the long-tailed tit 'gang'
The King's Road bullfinches
together right through the winter with 12 birds regularly seen visiting their favourite food – fat-balls!  They were one of eighteen species of birds recorded during the RSPB Big Garden Bird Count over the weekend 26-27 January, with several bramblings another of the species.  The bird feeders by one of the Explore Abernethy walks (King’s Road) have also been good value with regular crested tits, a pair of bullfinches and, in early February, feeding and drumming great spotted woodpeckers.  On the Saturday evening of the RSPB count the BBC Winterwatch team held a ‘come and meet us’ event in the village hall with the production team explaining what was being planned and Chris Packham doing the introductions for the rest of the presenting team.  The event was well attended with glasses 
The Winterwatch team

Rita's waxwings and the BBC Winterwatch cameraman
of wine, soft drinks and nibbles on offer.  The first programme went out on the evening of the 29 January running through to 1 February.  After the first edition when a puppet crossbill appeared, I went out into the forest the next day to collect actual crossbilled cones (cones with the seeds removed by the birds) along with some stripped by red squirrels and delivered them to the production venue up the Dell Road.  It seemed a bit daft to show the crossbill puppet but not the evidence the real crossbills leave behind when feeding but sadly they didn’t make it.  Whilst collecting the cones my mobile phone rang to say there were about a dozen waxwings feeding on cotoneaster berries just down the road from our house, spotted by neighbour Rita.  Driving past on my way to the production venue I saw that they were still there so whilst delivering the cones I let them know, with a wee map, where they were feeding.  The camera team reacted quite quickly and within an hour they were on site filming the birds as they had just about stripped all the berries from the bush.  An hour later and the birds were gone!  Ahead of the production folk arriving an email arrived from Craig at Buglife 
asking if it would be okay for the BBC to use the video I’d made a year earlier of the Northern February red stonefly (Brachyptera putata).  The video showed the stonefly feeding on algae or fungi on fence-posts by the River Spey and this could be added to the filming session with him to highlight the breeding cycle of this rare insect, the filming date being just a little early for the stoneflies to be active.  The video was made available and Craig spent the day with the Winterwatch team and what did the BBC show - Iolo Williams messing about in the River Nethy, in the dark, so that they could show a stonefly larva doing ‘press-ups’!  This was shown on the last episode and the note in my diary after the event was “rubbish”.  I did find adults on the fence posts again on the 14 February, so they were only just too late to appear live.  
 
The real Northern February red stonefly
Birds continued to feature through January and February via the BTO winter bird transects with both outings trying to target the best days without too much frost or snow.  The January outing managed to get a clear day when the temperature reached 0 to 10C but despite the cold quite a few coal tits were back in the woodland section of the transect and with nine species recorded.  February’s outing on the 13th became possible after a fall of snow followed by heavy frosts with daytime thaws creating 
Boot spikes
BTO Winter Bird Survey details
skating rink conditions on road and tracks requiring me to attach spikes to my boots to get around.  By the 13th a heavier thaw had set in and most of the snow had melted.  However, with the temperature at 100C snow on the hills was also melting providing me with a bit of fun when crossing a normally small burn when walking between the two transect sections.  Waterproof pants were put on with all zips and studs at the bottom of the legs fastened tight and a sturdy stick found before attempting the crossing.  With the water level just above the top of my wellies as quick a crossing as possible was made with the waterproofs just about keeping all the water out of my wellies.  The second section of the transect then produced a few surprises with 30 fieldfares and 26 starlings hunting for food on the recently thawed fields.  A jay was also something not recorded previously.  In all eight species were recorded with coal tits once again coming out on top.

The outings to look for a new site for the black-eyed Susan lichen (Bunodophoron melanocarpum) continued with a return visit to the previously recorded site adjacent to Loch Ruthven drawing a blank.  Being a lichen most regularly found in the west of Scotland I checked maps to see which woods might meet that category to the east of Loch Ness.  Drawing a vertical north-south line on the map from the most easterly known site the scattered birch woodland towards the head of the Findhorn Valley (Coignafearn) looked like a potential site.  Despite not being heavily wooded the 
Old croft sunset and red deer herd
trees are quite old and some are fallen and decaying so this is where I headed.  Despite the day being freezing cold the rocky woodland proved quite interesting and the afternoon clambering around produced some nice finds like hard shield-fern (Polystichum aculeatum), several rock lichens which took a while to identify once home and a nice patch of Peltigera britannica lichen.  It was the end of the afternoon though that produced the real highlight, a wide V-shaped glen with clear-blue skies and a setting sun.  An old croft was photographed several times as I walked back to the car, the setting sun lighting it up in different ways.  High on one of the hillsides a herd of red deer were grazing picked out nicely against the blue sky.  Driving back down the road a light rain shower tried hard to create a rainbow – but not quite and once again no black-eyed Susan.  So, the next outing in mid-
Black crust of Fuscopannaria ignoblis and barnacle lichen
February would have to be further west, and I headed for one of my favourite lichen sites, the Pass of Inverfarigaig almost on the east shore of Loch Ness.  I had only just left the road heading down into the Allt Mor burn when one of the first entries in my notebook says “unusual spindle-like fungus on fallen dead tree” so photos taken and, thankfully, a small sample was collected.  The brilliantly named but rare Fuscopannaria ignobilis lichen was the next find on an ash tree and growing on that lichen was the barnacle lichen (Thelotrema lepadinum).  Despite lots of searching, the habitat didn’t look quite right for black-eyed Sue so a bit of rock-face was visited to list a few ferns like black spleenwort (Asplenium adiantum-nigrum), more hard shield-fern, rose moss (Rhodobryum roseum) and thickpoint grimmia moss (Schistidium crassipilum).  The real work though started once home after unpacking the ‘spindle-like fungus’.  None of the photos in my books looked like the fungus so 
Thickpoint grimmia moss top and shining cranesbill leaves
a section was cut, squashed on a microscope slide, and checked to see what the spores looked like.  With this extra bit of information my photos were sent to expert Liz who replied with a couple of names to check but also perhaps a Multiclavula species?  Typing this name into Google I immediately saw photos of what looked like my fungus - Multiclavula mucida.  Reading other information also told me that “This interesting fungus grows in symbiosis with algae (Coccomyxa) similar to lichens.”  With this information I made contact with lichen expert Brian Coppins who confirmed that I had the right species and that this was just the fourth record for the UK!  This though, was just the start!  Brian suggested that the herbarium at RBG Edinburgh would like a dried sample with the same 
Gyalecta jenensis lichen top and Liancalus virens fly
request from Kew so, a second trip to Inverfarigaig would need to be made, not that I was complaining.  A week later I was by the fallen tree once again accompanied by the ‘posh’ camera for the best photos.  Thankfully, the fungus was still plentiful and hadn’t gone past its best, so a couple of samples were carefully taken and packed away in the car whilst I spent the rest of the day searching the base of the crags.  It was to be a day for Leptogium lichens with L. saturninum found on several trees and two others from the lime rich rocks still awaiting confirmation.  A narrow gully running up through the rock-face just had to be searched and it was nice to meet up with Gyalecta jenensis once 
Multiclavula mucida fungus and spores x1000 oil
again on a moist rock.  A bonny wee fly also on the damp rock was named via my photograph - Liancalus virens, a long-legged fly that lives amongst the mosses, liverworts and algae growing under bridges and beside waterfalls and fast running water.  A single shining cranesbill plant turned into hundreds a little further along the rock-face and a big population of Peltigera leucophlebia, a bright-green leafy lichen, running down the rock.  Checking the Multiclavula mucida fungus again once home showed it had ‘matured’ quite markedly with many more spores visible compared to the sample from a week previous.  The samples were slowly dried, carefully packed and popped in the post.  Job done.

Late in February I had one last outing to look for the elusive black-eyed Sue, out west towards the start of the River Spey.  This was an area visited several times a few years ago for the BSBI plant survey and with one outing taking me into an area of ancient woodland adjacent to a conifer plantation.  Leaving the car I headed up the track to the plantation but failing to read a notice on the gate so I was completely unaware of what would turn up next – a small herd of fallow deer!  No 
doubt the average visitor would be oohing and aahing at the sight of these pale, smallish introduced deer and their youngsters but as I took in the sight I could see several young rowan trees completely stripped of their bark.  As the deer moved off and I continued on my way all I saw was every rowan and all the willows stripped of their bark, effectively killing them and wiping out 10-15 years of growth.  These trees had become naturally established due to protection from red and roe deer browsing when the plantation was fenced off and the seeds from passing wintering thrushes had been deposited via their droppings.  Generally, in the surrounding countryside, new, young rowans are 
Peltigera leucophlebia - eventually
quite scarce, so it was a sad sight to see what had happened here.  Thankfully, I found another gate on the track as I exited the plantation with a notice telling me that the deer were fenced into what was classed as a ‘park’ which would initiate a few enquiries once I got home.  Leaving the plantation I made my way up the steep hillside checking fallen birches and willows as I went as well as several of the standing trees but, again, I got the feeling the general habitat wasn’t quite right for the lichen though it had been found in another wood three or four miles away.  These outings though are never a failure and I came back with a notebook full of records and a find which I thought might be a first for the UK, fertile Peltigera britannica!  This lichen was growing on some damp rock and, assuming the rock to be acidic, I wrote P. britannica in my notebook.  Populations of wood sage plants though should have warned me of my error indicating base-rich rocks and checking the ascospores 
confirmed that this was, once again, the rarer Peltigera leucophlebia, especially when fertile.  The find of the day though was a group of about 30 mature aspens, all hanging thick with less common lichens including Leptogium saturninum.  Heading back to the car I said hello again to the fallow deer with the outing ending with some nice reflection photos across a roadside loch.

Having experienced a couple of weeks of iciness early in February we didn’t expect temperatures in the high-teens later in the month reaching a balmy 160C on the day visiting the fallow deer.  With snowdrops starting to appear I took Janet to an amazing wood by the River Spey at Boat o’ Brig south of Fochabers where we weren’t disappointed.  The rusty-back fern was still happily growing on the railway bridge and a very young cuckoo-pint/Lords and Ladies (Arum maculatum) at its only 
Peacock butterfly
known location within that 1km OS square.  In the wood we also found flowering winter aconite again at its only site in the 1km square indicating plant introductions.  One species that definitely hadn’t been introduced was our first peacock butterfly of the year and a queen early bumblebee (Bombus pratorum) the earliest record locally by two weeks no doubt tempted out by the February heat.  The discoveries didn’t end there though and once back at the car Janet suggested we ‘turn left to see where the road takes us’, and that we did.  Within a mile we came across the Auchroisk 
Janet's black trees and buildings
Distillery and Janet shouted, “black trees” as she is now an expert in spotting the blackening effects of the whisky fungus (Baudoinia compniacensis).  Her expertise didn’t end there and as we reached Mulben she again suggested we turn left with both of us wondering what the huge number of warehouse type building were appearing in front of us.  “Black buildings” was the next shout and, sure enough we had stumbled on 50 enormous ‘sheds’ all full of maturing whisky no doubt on behalf of many local distilleries.  Both sites were new to our list of whisky fungus sites and all we had to do now was actually find our way eventually to Fochabers!

Looking after two of the grandsons in mid-February led us to a whole new experience.  Janet had promised an outing to Inverness to visit Waterston’s bookshop to let them see and choose their own books.  After about an hour, choices were made and, following up a question of where to have our 
The Burger King gang
evening meal, we headed to Burger King, a totally new experience for myself and Janet.  However, we negotiated the massive list of burger options and all sat down to quite a nice meal with fizzy drinks accompaniments.  For their overnight stay we had to warn them about a new noise in the Firwood house – the tick-tock of a now working grandfather clock, fully restored by Giles Pearson Antiques at Logie Steading, after not working for almost 30 years.  The tick-tock is quite a nice, gentle background sound but you certainly wake up when the clock reaches the hour mark!

A delayed happy new year, enjoy the read.

Stewart and Janet

Butterfly Conservation
Multiclavula mucida fungus
BSBI New Year Plant Hunt
NBN Atlas
Strathspey Weather
Parkswatch
Badenoch and Strathspey Conservation Group
Mapmate recording database
Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland (FRDBI)
BSBI – Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland
 
Sad to report that Dr. Adam Watson died in February
Full moon halo
The Firwood 'team' having lunch by the River Spey
Photos © Stewart Taylor and © Roy Turnbull Dr. Adam Watson